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The ''Gold Clause Cases'' were a series of actions brought before the Supreme Court of the United States, in which the court narrowly upheld restrictions on the ownership of gold implemented by the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in order to fight the Great Depression. The last in this series of cases is notable as the most recent Supreme Court opinion whose outcome was leaked to the press before the official release of its decision. The cases were: *''Norman v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co.'' *''United States v. Bankers Trust Co.'', *''Nortz v. United States'', *''Perry v. United States'', ==Background== Within the first week of holding office, Roosevelt closed the nation's banks, fearing gold hoarding and international speculation posed a danger to the national monetary system, basing his actions on the Trading with the Enemy Act. Congress quickly ratified Roosevelt's action with the Emergency Banking Act. The President soon afterward issued Executive Order 6102, requiring the surrender of all gold coins, gold bullion, and gold certificates to the government by May 1, 1933 in exchange for their value in U.S. dollars at the rate of $20.67 per troy ounce. Congress also passed a joint resolution canceling all gold clauses in public and private contracts, stating such clauses interfered with the power of Congress to regulate U.S. currency. While the Roosevelt administration waited for the court to return its judgment, contingency plans were made for an unfavorable ruling.〔McKenna, at 56–66.〕 Ideas floated about the White House to withdraw the right to sue the government to enforce gold clauses.〔 Attorney General Homer Cummings opined the court should be immediately packed to ensure a favorable ruling.〔 Roosevelt himself ordered the Treasury to manipulate the market as to make it appear in turmoil, though Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau refused.〔 Roosevelt also drew up executive orders to close all stock exchanges and prepared a radio address to the public.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gold Clause Cases」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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